![]() Exercise therapy plays a major role in back pain, shoulder impingement syndrome, myopathy syndrome, fibromyalgia syndrome, plantar fasciitis, and ankle sprains. ![]() Physical activity is also important in reducing musculoskeletal pain and aiding the rehabilitation of injured patients. Positive effects of physical activity on the musculoskeletal system have been demonstrated as they prevent osteoporosis, reduce fractures, and improve the function of patients with rheumatoid and degenerative arthritis. It also improves obesity and insulin resistance, otherwise known as metabolic syndrome. Physical activity controls hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia, thereby preventing cerebrovascular disease. Studies on the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases using exercise have been ongoing for many years. Physical activity also has a positive effect on rehabilitation of cancer patients. Physical activity decreases the incidence of colorectal cancer, breast cancer, bladder cancer, endometrial cancer, esophageal cancer, kidney cancer, lung cancer, and stomach cancer. The Shanghai women study showed that general daily physical activity, without intentional exercise, is also beneficial to health. There is a great deal of research showing that mortality declines when physical activity increases or body fitness improves. Physical activity reduces mortality, prevents various cancers, musculoskeletal and cerebrovascular diseases, improves metabolism, and is beneficial for mental health. This article summarizes the recent advances in sports medicine and exercise-related research. In recent years, physical activity, which is a broader term than exercise, tends to be defined by its impact on health. It is also known that physical activity that can encompass standard daily activities are beneficial to health. Exercise amount is defined by the equation intensity×frequency×duration and as it increases as does its positive impact on health, as long as it is not overdone. Moderate exercise produces enough health benefits without a high risk of injury. With that, moderate exercise was recommended to promote health after the mid 1990s. However, many studies concluded that even without intensive exercise, there were health benefits as long as there was enough of physical activity. It was suggested that exercise should be vigorous to have a positive effect on health, because it was believed that extensive exercise causes physiological changes such as improvement of cardiopulmonary endurance which is beneficial. Therefore, exercise and physical activity are an important topic in clinical practice, and ever increasing in the modern age where lifestyle-relate and chronic diseases have become more important than infectious and acute diseases. The positive effects of exercise has been verified in a variety of additional research areas including cancer, cerebrovascular disease, mental illness, and musculoskeletal disorders. Research about the effects of exercise and physical activity on health began in the 1950s with cardiovascular disease. Therefore, the treatment guidelines for osteoarthritis have been changed recently from not recommending exercise to highly recommending it. Exercise reduces pain and improves quality of life and physical function in patients with osteoarthritis. New evidence shows that dynamic resistance training is safe and effective in patients with hypertension provided the load is not too heavy. For patients with diabetes, it is advisable to perform resistance exercise or short-distance running before aerobic exercise to prevent hypoglycemia. Previously, physical activities were recommended for more than 10 minutes. According to new evidence, one bout of any exercises can be shorter than 10 minutes. As part of their 60 minutes or more of daily physical activity, resistance training and bone strengthening exercise should be done at least 3 days per week. Children and adolescents should perform at least 1 hour of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity daily, which includes vigorous aerobic activity at least 3 days per week. The elderly should perform additional balance training and fall prevention exercises more than 3 times a week. ![]() Adults should also perform muscle-strengthening activities of moderate intensity or higher that involve all major muscle groups for 2 or more days per week. Current recommendations for physical activity in adults are as follows: at least 150–300 minutes per week of moderate-intensity, 75–150 minutes per week of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity, or an equivalent combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity aerobic activity. Primary care physicians should encourage their patients to engage in adequate physical activity. ![]()
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